Food, Nutrition, and Health October 07, 2022

Project Advisor: William Masters (Tufts University) Raw data: .xlsx Full questionnaire: .pdf

Food, Nutrition, and Health

In collaboration with William Masters at Tufts University, we asked leaders, fellows, and awardees of the American Society of Nutrition and the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association about their views on nutrition. A total of 51 experts participated in the survey. More details and criteria for inclusion can be found here.

The questions and responses are summarized below. All information on this page is in the public domain and can be cited as:

Chris Said and William A. Masters (2022), Apollo Academic Survey on Food, Nutrition, and Health. Released 7 October 2022 at www.apollosurveys.org.

Primary results

Researchers thought that organic food would not improve health; cooking from home was one of the best ways to improve health; and changes in food composition was the leading cause of the obesity epidemic.

Organic foods: A large majority of researchers (78%) said that increasing use of organic food would have no effect on health.
Cooking from home: The vast majority (92%) said that eating more food cooked at home would improve health outcomes.
Specific nutrients: A large majority (83%) said more sugar-sweetened beverages would “greatly worsen” health. Beyond that, 58% said health would improve if we increased total protein. A large majority, 57%, favored an increase in plant oils.
Causes of the obesity epidemic: 37% of researchers ranked changes in food composition and 27% ranked reduction in physical activity as the leading cause of the obesity epidemic.
Improving health:
1. A large majority (90%) thought people’s health would improve if a larger fraction of their overall diet followed the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
2. Large majorities thought that eating more fruits and vegetables (96%), beans and lentils (90%), and whole grains (90%) would improve overall health and life expectancy.

Question 1

What do you believe caused the sharp rise in U.S. obesity rates since the mid-1970s, as shown by this chart of NHANES data among other sources?

• Higher incomes, allowing consumers to buy more of all foods
• Change in prices of existing foods, leading consumers to buy less healthy & more unhealthy foods
• Change in composition of available foods, from food manufacturers & restaurants
• Change in marketing of foods, including more frequent snacking & larger portion sizes
• Reduced physical activity, either at work or in everyday life

Results

Participant	Response	Confidence
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 5 Reduced physical activity: 4	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 1	8
Obesity is higher among the poor so higher income doesn't explain it. Lifestyle is more likely: less exercise, more food away from home.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 5 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 1	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: Change in prices: Change in composition: Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity:	10

Michael I. McBurney University of Guelph and Tufts University	Higher incomes: 1 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 5 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 2	8
Choice of responses is limited. People choose what and where they eat. Food availability, working families, and time constraints are also important.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 2 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 1	5

Eileen Kennedy Tufts University	Higher incomes: Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity:	8
The all you can eat restaurant option is one of the worst changes since the 1970's
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 5 Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity: 2	7
You didn't explicitly include poverty or food insecurity, which I believe should have been the #1 reason.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 4	7
Do we have science to actually document the changes? And, are the causes the same across the country - as in impacting different demographics and SES in the same manner?
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity: 4	8

Barry M. Popkin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	Higher incomes: 3 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 5	2
Other than diet composition and increased snacking it is hard to truly understand the interaction between prices and income and their role in these shifts
Thomas Wolever University of Toronto	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 1	2
Probably a combination of things and others not listed like screen time, use of food as a reward, design of buildings and neighbourhoods (low walkability), etc.
Joanne Slavin University of Minnesota	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 2 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 1	9

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 2	7

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 3 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 5	3

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Change in prices: 5 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 2	9

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Change in prices: 1 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 4 Reduced physical activity: 5	1

Eric Ravussin Pennington Biomedical	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 4	7
It is a change in the environmental food availability with manufactured food being very palatable and quite cheap
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity: 3	5

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 3 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity: 5	3
How can anyone claim to have high confidence in these factors? If it were clear, we might have effective obesity prevention.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 4	9

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 3 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 4 Reduced physical activity: 5	7

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 2 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 1	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 5 Change in marketing: 4 Reduced physical activity: 2	9

Anonymous	Higher incomes: Change in prices: Change in composition: Change in marketing: Reduced physical activity: 5	10

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Change in prices: 5 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 1	8

Nicola McKeown Boston University	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 4	7

Barbara Gower University of Alabama at Birmingham	Higher incomes: Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity:	10
Excess availability and consumption of highly processed grain-based, inexpensive, foods. Especially a problem in lower income groups.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 5	8
Highly processed and cheap carbohydrates are the primary problem.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity: 2	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Change in prices: 5 Change in composition: 2 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 1	3

Jikun Huang Peking University	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 4	7

David Zilberman University of California, Berkeley	Higher incomes: 1 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: 5 Reduced physical activity: 3	9

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 3 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 5	3
The relationship between these is hard to distinguish
Barry Goodwin	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 4 Reduced physical activity: 1	9

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: 5 Reduced physical activity: 2	1
Observed many immigrants who keep their traditional diet without using frequent snacks or manufactured foods, still get obese.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 5	5

Allen Featherstone Kansas State University	Higher incomes: 2 Change in prices: 5 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 1	9

Daniel A. Sumner University of California, Davis	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 1 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: Reduced physical activity: 2	8
Odd that you label more snacking and eating big portions as "marketing." Maybe that is the problem. Obesity is up just about everywhere, so explanations need to be consistent with those data. How about bad nutrition advice for 30 years to avoid fat and eat carbs.
Alfonso Morales University of Wisconsin	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity: 4	5
Access to healthy food is a larger component and belongs in this list.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 4 Reduced physical activity: 1	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 2	2

Matin Qaim University of Bonn	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 4 Change in marketing: 2 Reduced physical activity: 1	8

Parke Wilde Tufts University	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity: 4	5
That was a challenging question, because you chose leading contenders. The public often emphasizes avoiding carbs, but I rank macronutrient composition lower than these.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Change in prices: 5 Change in composition: 2 Change in marketing: 4 Reduced physical activity: 3	7

Dawn Thilmany Colorado State University	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 2 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 1 Reduced physical activity: 4	6

Ken Meter Crossroads Resource Center	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 3 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 4 Reduced physical activity: 2	8
Main element is High Fructose Corn Sweetener, but this also involves reducing prices of some foods and miserable marketing practices
David Hennessy Iowa State University	Higher incomes: 2 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 5 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 1	4
Change in household technology also important. More foods are ready-to-eat. Changing culture as in broken work activities, no taboo on eating between meals.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 3 Reduced physical activity: 2	5

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Change in prices: 5 Change in composition: 3 Change in marketing: 4 Reduced physical activity: 2	7

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Change in prices: 4 Change in composition: 1 Change in marketing: 5 Reduced physical activity: 3	7

Question 2

What do you believe should be the highest-priority policies or programs by which to improve nutrition and health for greater longevity and quality of life of the American people?

• Higher incomes for people in poverty, through either employment or social safety nets
• Better access to healthy foods, through lower prices or vouchers and availability in local markets
• Marketing regulations on unhealthy foods and drinks, with rules on what can be sold and how
• Excise taxes on unhealthy foods and drinks, to raise price and discourage use such as soda taxes
• Improvements in consumer decision-making, via education and empowerment

Results

Participant	Response	Confidence
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 4 Marketing regulations: 3 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 2	7

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 2 Education and empowerment: 4	7
I'll always put higher incomes for people in poverty as number one!
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 1 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 3	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: Excise taxes: 1 Education and empowerment:	10

Michael I. McBurney University of Guelph and Tufts University	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 3 Education and empowerment: 4	7
Culture and values (dietary and lifestyle choices) and socioeconomics (income, environment) are important determinants of obesity. Obesity and malnutrition often co-exist. We do not know there relative impact on health and health costs.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 2 Education and empowerment: 5	8

Eileen Kennedy Tufts University	Higher incomes: Better access to healthy foods: 1 Marketing regulations: Excise taxes: Education and empowerment:	9
Access to healthy food combined with effective nutrition communication campaigns
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 1 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 3	7

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Better access to healthy foods: 1 Marketing regulations: 3 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 2	5
The choices are not independent of each other. Also, impact will differ based on SDH - IMO!
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Better access to healthy foods: 1 Marketing regulations: 3 Excise taxes: 2 Education and empowerment: 5	6

Barry M. Popkin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	Higher incomes: 3 Better access to healthy foods: 4 Marketing regulations: 2 Excise taxes: 1 Education and empowerment: 5	3
after taxes and total marketing controls it is hard to understand what is the key.
Thomas Wolever University of Toronto	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 3	2
There is wide disagreement about what is "healthy". Perhaps the most important issue is environmental degradation and the sustainability of our food system
Joanne Slavin University of Minnesota	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 2	10

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 3	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 3 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 5	6

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 2 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 5	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: Better access to healthy foods: Marketing regulations: Excise taxes: Education and empowerment:

Eric Ravussin Pennington Biomedical	Higher incomes: 3 Better access to healthy foods: 4 Marketing regulations: 2 Excise taxes: 1 Education and empowerment: 5	8
Education from younger age is important.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 1 Excise taxes: 2 Education and empowerment: 4	5

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 1	2

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 2 Education and empowerment: 1	5

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 1	6
A major issue is defining a healthy food, need to focus on dietary patterns. healthy is often defined by level of a "bad" nutrient or level of processing, which can be inaccurate. Cheese has fat and sodium, but is not associated with CVD risk.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 3 Education and empowerment: 5	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 2	7

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Better access to healthy foods: Marketing regulations: Excise taxes: Education and empowerment: 5	10

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 1	8

Nicola McKeown Boston University	Higher incomes: 3 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 1	6

Barbara Gower University of Alabama at Birmingham	Higher incomes: 4 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 1 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 2	10
The heavy use of grain as a food component needs to be discouraged.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 2 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 1	3

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 3 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 5	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 1	2

Jikun Huang Peking University	Higher incomes: 5 Better access to healthy foods: 4 Marketing regulations: 2 Excise taxes: 3 Education and empowerment: 1	7

David Zilberman University of California, Berkeley	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 4 Marketing regulations: 3 Excise taxes: 2 Education and empowerment: 5	5

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 3 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 4	4

Barry Goodwin	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 2	9

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 5 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 2 Education and empowerment: 1	1

Anonymous	Higher incomes: Better access to healthy foods: Marketing regulations: Excise taxes: Education and empowerment:

Allen Featherstone Kansas State University	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 1	8
Market choices are important. Personal responsibility is important.
Daniel A. Sumner University of California, Davis	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: Excise taxes: Education and empowerment: 2	8
Odd the question focuses on "foods" not diets. Nutritionists I work with refer to diets as unhealthy not foods. So taxes on foods and regulations of foods are odd.
Alfonso Morales University of Wisconsin	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 3 Education and empowerment: 4	7
Opportunities for active leisure, prescriptions for healthy exercise
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 2	9

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 3 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 1 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 5	3

Matin Qaim University of Bonn	Higher incomes: 5 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 3 Education and empowerment: 1	8

Parke Wilde Tufts University	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 3 Education and empowerment: 5	7

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Better access to healthy foods: 5 Marketing regulations: 1 Excise taxes: 2 Education and empowerment: 3	10

Dawn Thilmany Colorado State University	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 1 Marketing regulations: 3 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 4	3

Ken Meter Crossroads Resource Center	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: Marketing regulations: Excise taxes: Education and empowerment:	10
Unless the US funds local municipalities to design and build their own food systems few of these policy options will matter. Carbon tax would be interesting.
David Hennessy Iowa State University	Higher incomes: Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: Excise taxes: Education and empowerment: 1	4
Problem is to a large extent cultural. Also relates to rest of economy; employed, active people with responsibilities will tend to have better organized lives and care more about personal health.
Anonymous	Higher incomes: 4 Better access to healthy foods: 1 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 3 Education and empowerment: 2	8

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 2 Better access to healthy foods: 3 Marketing regulations: 5 Excise taxes: 4 Education and empowerment: 1	7

Anonymous	Higher incomes: 1 Better access to healthy foods: 2 Marketing regulations: 4 Excise taxes: 5 Education and empowerment: 3	6

Question 3

On balance, for overall health and average life expectancy of the U.S. population, what do you expect would be the effect for most people of having a larger fraction of their overall diet that follows the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, instead of the dietary patterns they now follow?

Results

Participant	Response	Confidence
Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Slightly improve	7
Many lifestyle issues are at work, but following the DGA couldn't hurt.
Anonymous	Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Slightly improve	10

Michael I. McBurney University of Guelph and Tufts University	Slightly improve	5
Caloric imbalance causes obesity. Weight loss studies show that macronutrient composition can be altered dramatically and achieve weight loss. Food patterns recommendations can stigmatize cultures. Greater focus on biomarkers of nutritional status (vs diet) is needed.
Anonymous	Slightly improve	8

Eileen Kennedy Tufts University	Much improve	9
DGAs are important but unless they are promoted unlikely to have much affect in shifting dietary patterns.
Anonymous	Much improve	8

Anonymous	Much improve	8
Have to adjust for current health status and environmental risk factors.
Anonymous	Slightly improve	8

Barry M. Popkin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	Slightly improve	3
This focuses on nutrients and ignores the large increase in ultra-processed food consumption among Americans.
Thomas Wolever University of Toronto	Slightly improve	6
To be honest I am not confident I know the details of the US guidlines ... I know the Canadian ones better.
Joanne Slavin University of Minnesota	Much improve	10

Anonymous	Slightly improve	10
Overall health and life expectancy are not the same thing
Anonymous	Much improve	7

Anonymous	Much improve	10

Anonymous

Eric Ravussin Pennington Biomedical	Not alter	7
The change in the environment has caused the pandemic of obesity. We have to reverse some of the obesogenic environment
Anonymous	Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Slightly improve	5
Diet is only one part of a healthy lifestyle. Alcohol, tobacco, drugs cost many lives.
Anonymous	Much improve	10

Anonymous	Much improve	8
It depends how they follow them, various dietary patterns, i.e., vegetarian, can be healthy or unhealthy depending on the foods chosen
Anonymous	Much improve	10

Anonymous	Much improve	9

Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Much improve	10

Nicola McKeown Boston University	Much improve	10

Barbara Gower University of Alabama at Birmingham	Not alter	10
DAG may not reduce grain consumption. Whole grains are not necessarily healthful when used in heavily processed products such as breakfast cereals and bread.
Anonymous	Greatly worsen	7
The Dietary Guidelines are responsible for the obesity pandemic that started 50 years ago
Anonymous	Slightly improve	6

Anonymous	Much improve	3

Jikun Huang Peking University	Slightly improve	8

David Zilberman University of California, Berkeley	Much improve	8

Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Barry Goodwin	Much improve	9

Anonymous	Slightly improve	6

Anonymous	Slightly improve	5

Allen Featherstone Kansas State University	Slightly improve	7

Daniel A. Sumner University of California, Davis	Slightly improve	10
Odd. So put the nutrition consultant in charge of the ration, like we do with dairy cows and hogs. I hope you see how fascist this sounds.
Alfonso Morales University of Wisconsin	Slightly improve	4

Anonymous	Much improve	10

Anonymous	Slightly improve	2

Matin Qaim University of Bonn	Much improve	10

Parke Wilde Tufts University	Much improve	8
Economists commonly undervalue the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and may overstate uncertainties in nutrition science, but our economics profession might be wise to exercise a little more humility on this point sometimes.
Anonymous	Much improve	10

Dawn Thilmany Colorado State University	Slightly improve	7
There is lots of latitude in guidelines
Ken Meter Crossroads Resource Center	Not alter	7
Unless people are engaged with each other at a municipal or neighborhood level, guidelines will not matter much
David Hennessy Iowa State University	Much improve	4
Death from diseases that are not diet related has declined, making diet a bigger factor in average life expectancy. But technologies to manage diet-related diseases have improved. I have no idea which is the more important in regard to determining overall population health.agement of diet
Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Much improve	10

Anonymous	Much improve	8

Question 4

On balance, for overall health and average life expectancy of the U.S. population, what do you expect would be the effect for most people of having a larger fraction of their overall diet that follows the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) criteria, instead of the dietary patterns they now follow?

Results

Participant	Response	Confidence
Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Slightly improve	3
Can't hurt, might help
Anonymous	Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Slightly improve	10

Michael I. McBurney University of Guelph and Tufts University	Slightly improve	8
Meeting DRI for vitamins and minerals might dramatically change health risk. The data on food patterns is weak and often does not account for variation in micronutrients and other essential nutrients on health outcomes.
Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Eileen Kennedy Tufts University	Much improve	9
Preference should be given to foods as a source of nutrients.
Anonymous	Slightly improve	7
The DRIs in form dietary guidelines but do not, themselves, have as much of an impact. People eat food, not just for the nutrients.
Anonymous	Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Not alter	7

Barry M. Popkin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	Not alter	2

Thomas Wolever University of Toronto	Much improve	6
I am thinking of meeting guidelines for potassium (reduces BP) and fiber (many beneficial effects) as major shortfall nutrients
Joanne Slavin University of Minnesota	Much improve	10

Anonymous	Slightly improve	10

Anonymous	Much improve	7

Anonymous	Slightly improve	8

Anonymous

Eric Ravussin Pennington Biomedical	Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Not alter	8

Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Much improve	10

Anonymous	Much improve	6
Dietary guidelines are built to have healthy dietary pattern and meet nutrients need
Anonymous	Slightly improve	10

Anonymous	Much improve	9

Anonymous	Slightly improve	10

Anonymous	Slightly improve	10

Nicola McKeown Boston University	Much improve	10

Barbara Gower University of Alabama at Birmingham	Not alter	10
See comment for 12 above.
Anonymous	Not alter	3

Anonymous

Anonymous	Much improve	3

Jikun Huang Peking University	Slightly improve	7

David Zilberman University of California, Berkeley	Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Slightly improve	6

Barry Goodwin	Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Slightly improve	4

Anonymous

Allen Featherstone Kansas State University	Slightly improve	7

Daniel A. Sumner University of California, Davis	Much improve	10
Is this just being silly? How irrelevant can a quesiton be. Put a finacial consultant in charge of every families budget? Ask if people with be better off in general terms?
Alfonso Morales University of Wisconsin	Slightly improve	4
I do not know the science on this besides what I read in public media and magazines.
Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Not alter	5
DRI are based on calories, not carbs/sugars. It's the wrong measure.
Matin Qaim University of Bonn	Much improve	10

Parke Wilde Tufts University	Slightly improve	7
It is easier to satisfy the DRIs than to satisfy the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Anonymous	Slightly improve	10

Dawn Thilmany Colorado State University	Slightly improve	5
not sure how info is used
Ken Meter Crossroads Resource Center	Not alter	7
Unless people are engaged with each other at a municipal or neighborhood level, guidelines will not matter much
David Hennessy Iowa State University	Much improve	4

Anonymous	Not alter	1

Anonymous	Much improve	10

Anonymous	Slightly improve	7

Question 5

On balance, for overall health and average life expectancy of the U.S. population, what do you expect would be the effect of more people having a larger fraction of their overall diet that

• Includes more fruits and vegetables, instead of other foods in current diets
• Includes more cow’s milk and dairy, instead of other foods in current diets
• Includes more beans and lentils, instead of other foods in current diets
• Includes more eggs, instead of other protein-rich foods in current diets
• Includes more fish, instead of other protein-rich foods in current diets
• Includes more beef, instead of other protein-rich foods in current diets
• Includes more nuts and seeds, instead of other foods in current diets
• Includes more sugar-sweetened beverages, instead of other beverages in current diets
• Includes more whole grains, instead of refined grains and simple carbohydrates such as potatoes

Results

Participant	Response	Confidence
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Much improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	7

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	9
Fish! Fruits and vegs! Nuts and seeds! (Beef only slightly worse because so much is already eaten.)
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly improve Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly worsen Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Much improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	10

Michael I. McBurney University of Guelph and Tufts University	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	8
Isn't the question: Will the proposed change improve energy balance and/or be more likely to achieve optimal levels of nutrients to support the structure and function of cells, tissues and organs?
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	7

Eileen Kennedy Tufts University	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Much improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	9

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Greatly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Not alter Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Not alter Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	7
Nutrients can be obtained from a variety of foods; a balance of health preparation impacts responses.
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Much improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	7

Barry M. Popkin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	2
This ignored the 50-70% of ultra-processed quite unhealthy foods. Cutting them will be much more important
Thomas Wolever University of Toronto	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Not alter Beef: Greatly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	7
There is lots of evidence for many of these foods.
Joanne Slavin University of Minnesota	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Much improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly improve Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	10

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Not alter Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Sugar-sweetened beverages: Whole grains: Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Sugar-sweetened beverages: Whole grains: Much improve	10

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Cow's milk and dairy: Beans and lentils: Eggs: Fish: Beef: Nuts and seeds: Sugar-sweetened beverages: Whole grains:

Eric Ravussin Pennington Biomedical	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Much improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	8
It's all about public health policies
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Not alter Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	8

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	5

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	9

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Much improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	8
Beef is nutrient rich and can be part of a healthy diet. Current consumption for most people in US does not need to be increased
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	9

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Not alter Whole grains: Much improve	8

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Slightly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	10

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Much improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Slightly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	9

Nicola McKeown Boston University	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	7

Barbara Gower University of Alabama at Birmingham	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly worsen Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly worsen Eggs: Not alter Fish: Not alter Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Not alter Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Greatly worsen	10
Protein foods as meat, dairy, fish are fine. Humans have allergies and intolerances to many plant-based foods. Using plants as a protein source is dangerous.
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Not alter Cow's milk and dairy: Much improve Beans and lentils: Slightly worsen Eggs: Much improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Much improve Nuts and seeds: Not alter Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Not alter	10

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly worsen Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Not alter Beef: Greatly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	8

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly worsen Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Slightly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve

Jikun Huang Peking University	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Slightly worsen Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Greatly worsen Nuts and seeds: Greatly worsen Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly worsen	8

David Zilberman University of California, Berkeley	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Much improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly worsen	8

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Greatly worsen Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Much improve Beef: Greatly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	9

Barry Goodwin	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	9

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly worsen Beans and lentils: Not alter Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Slightly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	4
Might have totally misunderstood, due to the same reason above
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	10

Allen Featherstone Kansas State University	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Not alter Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly improve Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Slightly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	7

Daniel A. Sumner University of California, Davis	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Not alter Sugar-sweetened beverages: Slightly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	5

Alfonso Morales University of Wisconsin	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	6
In the aggregate the science may point to these responses, but individual health varies widely, which is why people ignore some promulgations.
Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Not alter Sugar-sweetened beverages: Slightly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly worsen	5
Carbs/sugar vs other calories + need for proteins.
Matin Qaim University of Bonn	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Slightly worsen Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	8

Parke Wilde Tufts University	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Greatly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	10

Dawn Thilmany Colorado State University	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	7
Lots of variance in some of those categories (dairy/beef/produce)
Ken Meter Crossroads Resource Center	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Not alter Beans and lentils: Much improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Much improve Beef: Greatly worsen Nuts and seeds: Much improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	9
Much also depends on pasture-raised livestock/eggs, and getting animals away from GMO grains
David Hennessy Iowa State University	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	4

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Slightly improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Not alter Eggs: Not alter Fish: Not alter Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Not alter Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	5

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly worsen Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Not alter Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Slightly worsen Nuts and seeds: Slightly improve Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Slightly improve	7

Anonymous	Fruits and vegetables: Much improve Cow's milk and dairy: Slightly improve Beans and lentils: Slightly improve Eggs: Slightly improve Fish: Slightly improve Beef: Not alter Nuts and seeds: Not alter Sugar-sweetened beverages: Greatly worsen Whole grains: Much improve	9

Question 6

On balance, for overall health and average life expectancy of the U.S. population, what do you expect would be the effect of more people having a larger fraction of their overall diet that

• Includes more of all carbohydrates, instead of protein and fats
• Includes more of all proteins, instead of fats and carbohydrates
• Includes more of all fats, instead of protein and carbohydrates
• Includes more plant oils, instead of other ingredients
• Includes more added sugars, instead of other ingredients
• Includes more added sodium, instead of other ingredients

Results

Participant	Response	Confidence
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Greatly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	7

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	8
Since there are good and bad fats, CHO, ad protein, I said "won't alter".
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly improve Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	8

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly worsen Fats: Slightly improve Plant oils: Greatly worsen Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	10
The most important variable may not be macronutrient composition, but overall calorie intake
Michael I. McBurney University of Guelph and Tufts University	Carbohydrates: Slightly improve Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly worsen Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	7

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	4
It is not approriate to lump all carbohydrates or all fats into one question. The sub-categories have differential impacts.
Eileen Kennedy Tufts University	Carbohydrates: Slightly improve Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Much improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	8
These questions were somewhat misleading. CHO should be complex CHOs - it was not possible to suggest this in the answer. Also for fats, type of fat is important
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Not alter Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	7

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	7
Hard to answer from the perspective - what are carbohydrates? Unprocessed starches or highly processed?
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Not alter Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	8

Barry M. Popkin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly worsen Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	2

Thomas Wolever University of Toronto	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	6
With respect to carbohydrate, protein and fat and health, it is the quality that matters, not the quanitity
Joanne Slavin University of Minnesota	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly worsen Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	9

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	8
Most of these questions are too vague about what you are replacing.
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly improve Plant oils: Sugars: Sodium:	5

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly improve Proteins: Not alter Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Sugars: Sodium:	8

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Proteins: Fats: Plant oils: Sugars: Sodium:

Eric Ravussin Pennington Biomedical	Carbohydrates: Slightly improve Proteins: Not alter Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	9

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	5

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	5

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	8

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly improve Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Not alter	6
You can have a healthy or unhealthy low fat, high fat, low carb, etc. Depends on food choices
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Much improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	8

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	7

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	9

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Much improve Proteins: Not alter Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	7

Nicola McKeown Boston University	Carbohydrates: Slightly improve Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	8
Depends on the type of carbs
Barbara Gower University of Alabama at Birmingham	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Not alter Fats: Slightly improve Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Not alter	6
Plant oils should be categorized; some are worse than others. Fat should replace carbs, but not proteins.
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Much improve Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Greatly worsen Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Not alter	10

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	9

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly improve Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	3

Jikun Huang Peking University	Carbohydrates: Slightly improve Proteins: Not alter Fats: Greatly worsen Plant oils: Slightly worsen Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	8

David Zilberman University of California, Berkeley	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Much improve Fats: Slightly improve Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	8

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Much improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	7

Barry Goodwin	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Greatly worsen Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	9

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Much improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly worsen Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	4
same as above
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	10

Allen Featherstone Kansas State University	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	4

Daniel A. Sumner University of California, Davis	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Slightly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	5
These are all odd questions to ask economists. They are all the sort of questions to pose to hog nutrition consultants I guess. They do seem to reflect an attitude that questioners think of (other) people as livestock.
Alfonso Morales University of Wisconsin	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Not alter Sodium: Not alter	1
I’m not qualified to have an opinion. Nor do I know the popular literature very well
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Not alter Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	8

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly improve Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	5

Matin Qaim University of Bonn	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Greatly worsen Plant oils: Slightly worsen Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	7

Parke Wilde Tufts University	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Not alter Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	7
For the "plant oils", I assumed unsaturated rather than palm oil.
Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	10

Dawn Thilmany Colorado State University	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Much improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	8
easier to do these than foods
Ken Meter Crossroads Resource Center	Carbohydrates: Greatly worsen Proteins: Greatly worsen Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	10
Once again, it is misleading to consider broad categories of food without knowing the faming practices behind each
David Hennessy Iowa State University	Carbohydrates: Slightly improve Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Greatly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	3

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Much improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Not alter Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	7

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Not alter Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Slightly worsen Plant oils: Slightly improve Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Greatly worsen	7

Anonymous	Carbohydrates: Slightly worsen Proteins: Slightly improve Fats: Not alter Plant oils: Slightly worsen Sugars: Greatly worsen Sodium: Slightly worsen	8

Question 7

On balance, for overall health and average life expectancy of the U.S. population, what do you expect would be the effect of more people having a larger fraction of their overall diet that

• Uses more foods produced under organic certification, instead of other methods now being used
• Uses more foods cooked at home, instead of the restaurants where they now eat
• Uses more foods processed using older methods, instead of the more recent processing now being used
• Is made without sub-therapeutic antibiotics in livestock, instead of the practices now being used
• Is made without growth hormones in cattle, instead of the practices now being used
• Is made without pesticides and herbicides on plants, instead of the practices now being used
• Is grown without genetically modified organisms (GMOs), instead of the varieties now being used

Results

Participant	Response	Confidence
Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	6

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	7
Not too sure if I think lower pesticides, hormones, and antibiotics would greatly or only slightly affect.
Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	8

Anonymous	Organic certification: Slightly improve Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Slightly improve	5

Michael I. McBurney University of Guelph and Tufts University	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Greatly worsen Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Greatly worsen	8
Cooking at home is ONLY beneficial if it leads to better energy balance or higher intake of missing nutrients. Two important attributes, nutritional status and environmental concerns, that both affect health and lifespan cannot be answered this simplistically.
Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	8

Eileen Kennedy Tufts University	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly worsen Without GMOs: Not alter	8

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	7

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly worsen Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	4

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	7

Barry M. Popkin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	Organic certification: Slightly improve Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	2

Thomas Wolever University of Toronto	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	3

Joanne Slavin University of Minnesota	Organic certification: Slightly worsen Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	8
As both a farmer and a scientist, I find these questions naive and uninformed. Farmers continue to use the best practices for growing plants and animlas and unless you are a producer, you don't appreciate the challenges.
Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	10

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	5

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	8

Anonymous	Organic certification: Cooked at home: Older processing methods: Without antibiotics: Without growth hormones: Without pesticides: Without GMOs:

Eric Ravussin Pennington Biomedical	Organic certification: Much improve Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Greatly worsen Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Much improve Without GMOs: Not alter	7

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	8

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	7

Anonymous	Organic certification: Much improve Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Much improve Without GMOs: Not alter	8

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly worsen Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Greatly worsen Without GMOs: Greatly worsen	8
There is nuance that could change the answers. Using growth hormones could improve productivity and reduce costs, which could improve nutrition/health. pesticides use will decrease with new technology for precision application
Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Much improve Without antibiotics: Much improve Without growth hormones: Much improve Without pesticides: Much improve Without GMOs: Not alter	8

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	8

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly worsen Without growth hormones: Slightly worsen Without pesticides: Slightly worsen Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	10

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	10

Nicola McKeown Boston University	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	6

Barbara Gower University of Alabama at Birmingham	Organic certification: Slightly improve Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	9

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	10

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	2

Jikun Huang Peking University	Organic certification: Slightly improve Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	8

David Zilberman University of California, Berkeley	Organic certification: Greatly worsen Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Greatly worsen	9

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	7

Barry Goodwin	Organic certification: Greatly worsen Cooked at home: Slightly worsen Older processing methods: Slightly worsen Without antibiotics: Slightly worsen Without growth hormones: Greatly worsen Without pesticides: Greatly worsen Without GMOs: Greatly worsen	9

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	1

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Without antibiotics: Without growth hormones: Without pesticides: Without GMOs:

Allen Featherstone Kansas State University	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Slightly worsen

Daniel A. Sumner University of California, Davis	Organic certification: Greatly worsen Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Slightly worsen Without antibiotics: Slightly worsen Without growth hormones: Slightly worsen Without pesticides: Slightly worsen Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	8
The economics behind this set of questions is: Would people have better diets if food were more expensive and perhaps much more expensive.
Alfonso Morales University of Wisconsin	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Slightly improve	5
The question assumes steady increase in life expectancy. I don’t think he assumption is viable.
Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	10

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly worsen Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	4
The risks of pesticides, GMOs, etc, tend to be overstated/overblown compared to other risks, such as sugar, processed food, etc, and this biases policy. I am not saying pesticides are not potentially dangerous, only that 'the practices now being used' in the US minimize the risk already.
Matin Qaim University of Bonn	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly worsen Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	7

Parke Wilde Tufts University	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	6

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Not alter Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Not alter	9

Dawn Thilmany Colorado State University	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Slightly improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Not alter Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	8
fairly good science, but cooking methods is broad statement
Ken Meter Crossroads Resource Center	Organic certification: Much improve Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Much improve Without growth hormones: Much improve Without pesticides: Much improve Without GMOs: Much improve	10
It is not clear what is meant by "older methods." If traditional and indigenous methods, improvement. If post-war cooking recommendations, worse outcomes
David Hennessy Iowa State University	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Slightly improve Without antibiotics: Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Not alter Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	4

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Not alter Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	5

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Much improve Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Much improve Without growth hormones: Slightly improve Without pesticides: Slightly improve Without GMOs: Not alter	9

Anonymous	Organic certification: Not alter Cooked at home: Not alter Older processing methods: Not alter Without antibiotics: Slightly improve Without growth hormones: Not alter Without pesticides: Slightly worsen Without GMOs: Slightly worsen	9

Food, Nutrition, and Health October 07, 2022